ПОСТРОЕНИЕ ПРОТОТИПА АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЙ БЕСПРОВОДНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ЗАПЫЛЕННОСТИ ВОЗДУХА НА ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ПЛОЩАДКАХ

Various studies over the past decades have shown that fine dust particles can pose serious health hazards, contributing to the development of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Potential links have been identified between the likelihood of occurrence of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, with the concentration of dust in the air. There are correlation data showing that an increase in the MPC of dust in the air by only 50 μg / m3 leads to an increase in mortality by 1-8%. Dust particles have a significant impact on the life of plants and animals. Many industrial, experimental and medical processes can be safely carried out only at certain values ​​of the concentration of dust particles in the air: for example, dust consisting of solid particles less than 850 microns in size, suspended or settled in a gas environment, is capable of self-combustion and explosion in the air. Such dust is classified as combustible dust and, at certain concentrations, can cause industrial accidents associated with explosions of dust / air mixtures. The creation of an automated system capable of controlling the dustiness of the air in various production facilities is an urgent task. This work is devoted to the creation of such a system that combines the required number of dust sensors connected to each other in a wireless network, which makes it possible to control the measurement process and record the measurement results of each specific sensor.Разнообразные исследования последних десятилетий показали, что мелкие пылевые частицы могут представлять серьезную опасностью для здоровья, способствуя развитию  респираторных и сердечно-cосудистых заболеваний. Выявлены потенциальные связи между вероятностью возникновения таких заболеваний, как хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ), астма, рак легких, с концентрацией пыли в воздухе. Есть корреляционные данные, свидетельствующие о том, что при увеличении ПДК пыли в воздухе всего лишь на 50 мкг / м3, приводит к увеличению смертности на 1-8 %. Твердые пылевые частицы оказывают существенное влияние на жизнь растений и животных. Многие промышленные, экспериментальные и медицинские процессы могут быть безопасно осуществлены только при определённых значениях концентрации пылевых частиц в воздухе: например, пыль, состоящая из твердых частиц  размером менее 850 мкм, находящихся во взвешенном или осевшем состоянии в газовой среде, способна к самостоятельному горению и взрыву в воздухе. Такая пыль классифицируется как горючая пыль и, при определенных концентрациях, может стать причиной несчастных случаев на производствах, связанных со взрывами пылевоздушных смесей. Создание автоматизированной системы, способной контролировать запылённость воздуха в различных производственных помещениях является актуальной задачей. Данная работа посвящена созданию подобной системы, объединяющей в себя необходимое количество датчиков пыли, связанных между собой в беспроводную сеть, позволяющую управлять процессом измерения и фиксированием результатов измерения  каждого конкретного датчика

Technical project of complex fast cycle heat treatment of hydrogenous coal preparation

Problems of heat-treated milled hydrogenous coal preparation site creation in leading fast cycle heat treatment complex were considered. Conditions for effective use of electrostatic methods of heat-treated milled hydrogenous coal preparation were set. Technical project of heat treatment of milled hydrogenous coal preparation site was developed including coupling of working equipment complex on fast heat treatment and experimental samples of equipment being designed for manufacturing. It was stated that methods of electrical separation are used for heat-treated milled hydrogenous coal preparation with effective ways of organic and mineral components separation. Laboratory test for determination of optimal separation size sent into separators of heat-treated milled hydrogenous coal were made

Extreme kinematic misalignment in IllustrisTNG galaxies: the origin, structure and internal dynamics of galaxies with a large-scale counterrotation

Modern galaxy formation theory suggests that the misalignment between stellar and gaseous components usually results from an external gas accretion and/or interaction with other galaxies. The extreme case of the kinematic misalignment is demonstrated by so-called galaxies with counterrotation that possess two distinct components rotating in opposite directions with respect to each other. We provide an in-deep analysis of galaxies with counterrotation from IllustrisTNG100 cosmological simulations. We have found $25$ galaxies with substantial stellar counterrotation in the stellar mass range of $2\times10^{9}-3\times10^{10}$~\Msun. In our sample the stellar counterrotation is a result of an external gas infall happened $\approx 2-8$~Gyr ago. The infall leads to the initial removal of pre-existing gas, which is captured and mixed together with the infalling component. The gas mixture ends up in the counterrotating gaseous disc. We show that $\approx 90\%$ of the stellar counterrotation formed in-situ, in the counterrotating gas. During the early phases of the infall, gas can be found in inclined extended and rather thin disc-like structures, and in some galaxies they are similar to (nearly-)~polar disc or ring-like structures. We discuss a possible link between the gas infall, AGN activity and the formation of misaligned components. In particular, we suggest that the AGN activity does not cause the counterrotation, although it is efficiently triggered by the retrograde gas infall, and it correlates well with the misaligned component appearance. We also find evidence of the stellar disc heating visible as an increase of the vertical-to-radial velocity dispersion ratio above unity in both co- and counterrotating components, which implies the importance of the kinematical misalignment in shaping the velocity ellipsoids in disc galaxies.Comment: 20 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Multiple gas acquisition events in galaxies with dual misaligned gas disks

Frequent accretion of external cold gas is thought to play an important role in galaxy assembly. However, almost all known kinematically misaligned galaxies identify only one gas disk that is misaligned with the stellar disk, implying a single gas acquisition event. Here we report a new configuration in two galaxies where both contain two gas disks misaligned with each other and also with the stellar disk. Such systems are not expected to be stable or long-lasting, challenging the traditional picture of gas accretion of galaxies and their angular momentum build-up. The differences in kinematic position angles are larger than 120{\deg} between the two gas disks, and 40{\deg} between each gas disk and the stellar component. The star formation activity is enhanced at the interface of the two gas disks compared with the other regions within the same galaxy. Such systems illustrate that low-redshift galaxies can still experience multiple gas acquisition events, and provide a new view into the origins of galactic gas.Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy on 29 September 2022; 23 pages, 6 figure

Towards harmonizing competing models: Russian forests' net primary production case study

This paper deals with the issue of reconciling competing stochastic estimates provided by independent sources. We employ an integration method based on a principle of mutual compatibility of prior estimates. The method does not take into account credibility of the sources of the estimates, including their past performance. The quality of integration is evaluated in terms of change in the probability distribution. We use the method to integrate two types of estimates of the annual Net Primary Production (NPP) of the forest ecosystems in seven bioclimatic zones in Russia. The estimates are generated based on an empirical landscape-ecosystem approach and on an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models; the gaps in thei estimates reach 23%. Elimination of the gaps may help better quantify the input of the terrestrial ecosystems to the global carbon cyce. The main result of this paper is the evidence of applicability of the method for selection a set of candidates for credible integrated estimates of uncertain ecological parameters (like forest NPP) integrating prior estimates

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’ surface is essential. During this process, the original coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove the generic character, different functional groups were introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as well as human plasma and serum was investigated to allow implementation in biomedical and sensing applications.status: publishe

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications